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Over the past decade, support has accrued for a particular story about what sets off Type Ia supernovas—a story that traces each explosion to a pair of dim stars called white dwarfs. The theory of a double white dwarf is getting a critical boost after a Type Ia explosion was re-created in simulations. But the simulations also produced some surprises, revealing how much more we have to learn about the engine behind some of the most important explosions in the universe.
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Type Ia Supernovae: The Phillips Relationship, Double-Degenerate Double Detonations, and the Acceleration of the Expansion Rate
The original story was obtained from the publication of the Simons Foundation, whose mission is to increase public understanding of science by covering trends in mathematics and the physical and life sciences.
Our understanding of the universe is based on the standard candles. Consider two of the biggest mysteries in cosmology: What is the expansion rate of the universe? And why is that expansion rate accelerating? Accurately measuring distance usingType Ia supernovas is needed to understand these issues.
Uncertainty that worries theorists is what researchers don’t fully understand. If there are multiple ways that they can happen, tiny inconsistencies in how they appear could be corrupting our cosmic measurements.
Astronomers need to know the object’s inherent brightness for it to be a standard candle. The object appears in the sky to be bright or dim, and they are able to work out its distance.
In 1993, the astronomer Mark Phillips plotted how the luminosity of Type Ia supernovas changes over time. Crucially, nearly all Type Ia supernovas follow this curve, known as the Phillips relationship. This consistency—along with the extreme luminosity of these explosions, which are visible billions of light-years away—makes them the most powerful standard candles that astronomers have. But what is the reason for their consistency?
Until around 10 years ago, the prevailing theory held that a white dwarf siphoned gas from a nearby star until the dwarf reached a critical mass. The core would become hot and dense and cause a nuclear reaction that would cause a supernova.
The theory was overthrown in 2011. Astronomers got to look for a companion star when the closest Type Ia was spotted so early in its explosion. None was seen.
Researchers shifted their interest to a new theory, the so-called D6 scenario—an acronym standing for the tongue twister “dynamically driven double-degenerate double detonation,” coined by Ken Shen, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley. In the D6 scenario a white dwarf traps another white dwarf and takes his helium, which in turn would cause a nuclear fusion in the first dwarf. The dwarf gets a shock wave deep into his core from the fusion of helium. It then detonates.